Marketing Packaging and Labeling Essay Example for Free

Marketing promotion and Labeling Essay incase and LabelingWhat youll learn . . . The principal cash in ones chipss of product packaging The main functions of labels encase The physical container or wrap for a product.Functions of Packaging Promoting and Selling the ProductFunctions of Packaging Defining Product Identity invokes prestige, convenience, or statusFunctions of Packaging Provides Information UPC symbols, contents, guarantees, nutritional value, potential hazardsFunctions of Packaging Meeting Customer Needs various sizes, snack kits, etc.Functions of Packaging Ensuring Safe Use plastic instead of glass, tamperresistant packaging, blisterpacks, childproof containersTo read most the Tylenol murders in 1982, and the resulting invention of the tamperproof package, click on the Tylenol box above. Functions of Packaging Protecting the Product during shipping, storage, and display. Protects food from spoilage. Helps prevent shopliftingContemporary Packaging Issues Ase ptic Packaging Incorporates a technology that keeps foods fresh without refrigeration for extended periodsContemporary Packaging Issues Environmental Packaging reusable, recyclable, less wasteful, and safer for the environmentContemporary Packaging Issues Cause Packaging to promote non-product issues such as social and political causes Ex Body Shop, Ben Jerrys Click on the ice cream carton to learn about cause packaging at Ben and JerrysLabeling A label is an information tag, wrapper, seal, or imprinted message attached to a productA labels main function is to inform about contents and give directionsBrand Label gives the brand name, etc.Descriptive Label Information about product use, care, other features commit Label States the quality AA, A, BLabeling Laws Many package labels must meet local, state, and federal standards FDA Federal Food and Drug Administration requires nutritional info, regulates health claims and defines descriptive terms such as light, free, low, and reduced to make them consistent on all products FTC Federal Trade Commission monitors for deceptive advertising that is false or misleading, including guidelines for environmental claims like recycled or biodegradable.

History of the Fornication Pants Essay Example for Free

History of the Fornication Pants EssayJeans today atomic number 18 much more than a simple item of clothing they are a staple, a comfort and an identity. They are not a piece of clothing that is unique to one culture or society dungarees are jeans no subject area where you are. Jeans sacrifice transcended nationality, race and even war, and yet they are still one of the most ordinary parts of our lives. What many people take for granted is that Jeans have become such(prenominal) a part of their everyday lives that they never stop to think nigh where they come from, and what they have done for people. Jeans had a humble beginning, a colourful and influential life and have a bright future. They are a part of North American history and culture and have specify many peoples lives.Cotton denim started being produced in North America in the eigh teenageth century and with the American cotton industriousness came slave labour. Plantation owners relied on slaves to upkeep prices down, and in 1860 there were almost four million slaves in the southern United States. (Kyi p.10) Denim got its name from a French fabric woven of silk and wool. The fabric was made in Nimes, France, and as a result it was dubbed serge de Nimes, but when the fabric began being stocked in side of meat stores, it was shortened to deNimes or denim. (Sullivan p.12) At the conviction, denim was the strongest fabric and was even thought to have been the fabric of choice for the sails of the ships that Christopher Columbus sailed to the impudent World. (Sullivan p.14)Jean shapers buy denim from mills requested dark regretful cloth rather than the pale beige offered as it was a colour that would show less stain and wear. So denim cloth began to be dyed using indigo, but because of the time needed to make the dye it was one of the most expensive dyes in the world. That changed in the 1880s, when a German scientist by the name of Johann von Baeyer discovered a way to create the same c olour in a lab. The colour blue was now much more access codeible and cheaper to achieve using the new synthetic indigo dye. (Kyi p.10)There are two Jean companies that played a major part in the action and distribution of the boxers at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Levi Strauss Co. and Lee Company. Levi Strauss was born Loeb Strauss in 1829 in Bavaria. After immigrating to the San Francisco, he opened up a whole sale business selling high quality fabrics. He struck it blue during the California gold rush in the 1860s, but not by finding gold, but by selling his heavy duty crap pants. (Kyi p.15) nigh the same time in Nevada, a tailor named Jacob Davis, an immigrant from Latvia, was trying to figure out how to make his work pants stronger. Miners were constantly ripping the seams of their denim work pants.Finally while in his barn Davis realised that the copper rivets that were used to reinforce the seams of horse blankets could be used to reinforce pants as well. (Kyi p.18) His pants were a hit, so he contacted his denim supplier, Levi Strauss, to see if he would consider going into business with him and help him purchase a patent. Strauss was convinced and the two employ for a patent in 1873. This was the birth of blue jeans, although they were not called jeans yet. They were still being called high waist overalls or waist overalls. (Kyi p.21) The first cloth called jean was made in Genoa, Italy, and was worn by sailors. In Italian, Genoa is pronounced Genes, but Strauss did not use the Italian fabric and his pants were not worn by sailors so he never used the term jeans.It was not until years after his death that Levi Strauss Co. Began using the word. (Contini p.158) It did not take long for the riveted jeans to catch on, and production began to soar and Strauss invited Davis to move to San Francisco, where the two hired dozens of seamstresses to work in their new factories. To distinguish which pants were his an d to demonstrate how strong they were, Strauss had a leather chase designed for the back waistband, that showed a pair of jeans tied between two draft horses going in opposite directions. The horses were trying to rip the jeans apart, but the fabric was too strong. The label worked so well that for decades the jeans were known as the Two-Horse brand. (Kyi p.23)In the 1890s a pair of Levi Strauss jeans cost about(predicate) one dollar US, about the equivalent of twenty dollars US today, which was enough to make Strauss rich. (Sullivan p.18) When he died in 1902, his society was left in the care of his three nephews, who were eager continue the companys success, but they were facing competition. The patent on riveted pants expired in 1891, and in the early 20th century, a new clothing manufacturer appeared, Henry David Lee. Lee opened H.D. Lee Mercantile Company in Kansas City in 1899, selling fabric and furniture. Soon he opened up his own factory and began producing what would to day be recognized as overalls. (Kyi p.25)He then came up with the idea to sew a denim shirt onto a pair of jeans to form a denim coverall. The Lee Union-All was first marketed to men who loved cars as it could be worn over other clothes to keep them clean. In 1913 it was popular with farmers, engineers, and factory workers, and soon became available for women and children. When the American Army was preparing to join WWI, thousands of Lee Union-Alls were ordered for the soldiers as they were found to be more long-lasting than any other clothing. (Kyi p.26) In 1926, the Lee Company revolutionized jeans, by putting a zipper in place of the buttons in the fly to ease access.During the depression Lee Company managed to convince people that Lee jeans would last twice as long as other pants, making them a ripe investment. The Company even opened up a new factory in 1936. (Kyi p.31) During WWII, wartime rationing led to shortages of blue jeans, and owning them became a status symbol. At that time jeans were only available in North America, but when soldiers set sail for Europe and Asia, jeans were introduced to the rest of the world. (Kyi p.35) For women working in factories during the war, jeans or coveralls with a bandanna became their snip off code, partly because of the famous portrait of Rosie the Riveter proclaiming We Can Do It while wearing a denim shirt. (Sullivan p.70)After the war, the young soldiers who came home became the first teen rebels. They no longer wanted coveralls but pants that fitted snugly around the waist more suited to motorcycle riding than farming. (Kyi p.39) This developed a trend that was popularized by Hollywood and stars such as James Dean in Rebel without a Cause. (Sullivan p.92) Marilyn Monroe began wearing hip-hugging jeans that became popular for women in the 1950s, making jeans sexy for women as well as men. (Sullivan p.96) Jeans were now something that you could wear while hanging out with your friends they were no longer ju st for working on the farm or in a factory.Parents began to worry that their children were running wild, and jeans were banned in US schools and in churches in England. (Kyi p.41) It seemed as though Brigham Young could see into the future when in the 1830s he called jeans the fornication pant, appalled at the button fly. (Sullivan p.9) Denim had left behind its army reputation and had become the newest style trend. Hollywood stars such as Marilyn Monroe and Bridget Bardot began wearing them for press appearances and parties, and thats when the worldwide love affair with denim began. (Sullivan p. 98)Jeans are now a staple of pretty much everyones wardrobe in the 21st century. No matter what ethnicity or social class, everyone wears jeans. You see them on movie stars, your teachers, Presidents and Princes, and when you see news footage of a peace scrape in Israel the protestors are wearing jeans. They now come in over 200 sizes and countless styles and washes, with some made for wea r on the farm and others consummate for a date on a Friday night.In the 19th century a pair of Levis would set a buyer back about $1.50 US, but today the sky is the limit. Jeans vary in price (for adults) from around $20 US at Wal-Mart to a pair of diamond and gold constellate jeans that were sold in 2001 in Italy for $500,000 US. (Kyi p.13) Light wash or dark wash, boot cut or flare, diamond studded or embroidered, jeans are jeans, and are a North American icon. Jeans are one of the only pieces of clothing that have survived over ten decades worth of styles, and have unceasingly looked pretty much the same, and will be around for many more years to come.Works Cited1.Kyi, Tanya Lloyd. The Blue Jean Book The Story behind the Seams. New York, New York Annick Press, 2007.2.Sullivan, James. Jeans A Cultural History of an American Icon. New York, New York Gotham Books, 2006.3.Contini, Mila. 5000 Years of Fashion.Secaucus, New Jersey Chartwell Books, Inc., 1977.

A Study Based On Senge Model

A Study Based On Senge ModelThe importance of boldnessal discipline in organisations discharge neer be underestimated. In Malaysian manufacturing industries, the actions of governing bodyal skill could be the crucial factors that keep the continuous improvement going. organisational instruction is a popular convention among manufacturing formations. The organization trains to adapt to culture and environments changes. Organizational learning smoke be traced back to Cyert and March (1963) who introduced the bourns of Organizational erudition. Some support claimed that Argyris and Schn (1978) were the assume-off matchless to propose models that facilitate organizational learning. Using Gregory Batesons inventions of first and second order learning, they distinguish the single-loop and double-loop learning.Organizational learning can be defined in various right smarts and an organization does not still able to learn but it withal can unlearn in some way to levy their continuous improvement. According to Senges The Fifth Principles The Art and Practice of The instruction Organization book which was released in 1990, there are quintet disciplines in Organizational Learning. Those tail fin disciplines areSystem mentation own(prenominal) Mastery moral Models dual-lane VisionTeam LearningEach of this discipline can be use soully or in any combination to suit an organization invites. These disciplines tolerate been used widely in public as nearly as private sector to produce learning organization.This look into will be counseling on the learning organization dos in Malaysian manufacturing companies establish on the Senges five disciplines models. The manufacturing companies will be selected from three manufacturing industries which is automotive, electronics and ICT. The independent variables in this query would be the Senge Five Disiplines Model and the dependent variables in this interrogation would be Learning Organizational.Rese arch QuestionsIn order to remain private- autographprise(a), Malaysian manufacturing companies pay off been actively looking for ways to become learning organization .The solitary(prenominal) way to bewilder ahead in this global crease environment is the rate of learning of the organization is greater than the rate of change.Mainly, this study tries to check up on the learning organization characteristics ground on Peter Senges Model in Malaysian Manufacturing firms. Specifically this study attempt to answer these questionsIs there any reason of learning organization traits based on Senge Model in the selected manufacturing firms?What is the element in Senge LO Model that is dominant in the selected manufacturing firms?How significance is the difference of LO dimension between the three clusters of manufacturing firms?ObjectivesTo investigate the evidence of learning organization traits based on Senge Model in the selected manufacturing firms.To determine the element in Seng e LO Model that is dominant in the selected manufacturing firmsTo determine whether there is a significance difference in the dimension of LO in three clusters of the manufacturing firms.1.4 Scope, Limitations and Key Assumption of the projectThis study is based on Senges model of learning organization. cardinal of the models concerning description of learning organization is Peter Senges model. The essence of this model is the interconnectedness between individual learning and organizational learning. Organization cannot learn until all the members protrude to learn. (Senge, 1990). The answerings will be selected from three sectors of manufacturing in Malaysia automotive, electronics and ICT.There are some limitations in this look for. This interrogation will not cover an organization culture and organization points of view in both of these concept since time limitations as well as geographical factors. This research entirely covers manufacturing companies in Malaysia and wil l not be able to done research any other area or country. This might lead the results of the research only on that particular area.Some of the respondent (Managers and Supervisors) may refuse to respond since some of the companies stated some rules on regulation about company confidentiality.1.5 Importance of the ProjectThis study was made to investigate the implementation of organizational learning concept in Malaysian manufacturing concept. This study was similarly made to determine the dominant element in Senges five disciplines that have been applied in Malaysian manufacturing companies. By achieving both of these objectives, the researcher may able to know the progress and growth of Malaysian manufacturing in the organizational learning. This research also one of the few research that focusing on Senges five disciplines.This research was hoped to give much understanding to managers and supervisors in applying organizational learning as well as building a learning organizati on. This research may be able to give manager a clearer view on Senges five disciplines and the effects of it on an organization. It may also give the industrial a new view on the difference in the dimension of organizational learning in three clusters of the manufacturing organizations.1.6 SummaryThis chapter consists of the directions of this research. The introduction explains briefly the meaning of organizational learning and Senges five disciplines. This chapter also explains the objectives of this research as well as the research questions of this study.The significance of this research is it will explain the nature of a learning organization based on Malaysian manufacturing companies. It will also discover how well Senges model is selectd by the companies.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionsThis chapter highlights the books review on organizational learning which consist the definition of the organizational learning as well as the rich history of it. It will explain about Senge Five Disciplines Models. This study used various reference materials as a guide lines such as books, journals, thesis and other create medium. The nurture from this research can be used to strengthen the understanding and conceptualized research mannikin.2.2 Organizational LearningOrganizational Learning is considered one of the most powerful tools in an organization continuous improvement. Organizational learning can be defined in many ways since there are no absolute ways to implement organizational learning in an organization but there is only one goal in organizational learning which is people on all levels in an organizational by individually or by root continually and consistently improves their knowledge and ability on performing to work given to them.Organizational learning is really important as its give an organization a clear muckle or milestones where and what the organization necessitates to achieve in few age ahead. It also important to know that you r organization grows through the years by learning and that is just what organizational learning can do for an organization. As today electrical and electronic industriousness become to a greater extent competitive than ever, it is important and at the corresponding time relieving to know that your organization is learning and got what it takes to compete.2.2.1 Definition of Organizational LearningOrganizational learning has been around for a astronomic period of time and there were more than one definition to define organizational learning.Arygis(1977) defines organizational learning as detection and correction of errors. He casts that an organization learns from the individuals or the workers. He stated that The individuals learning activities, in turn, are facilitated or inhibited by an ecological governance of factors that may be called an organizational learning system (Arygris, 1977, p.117) iodine of the theorists in this field, Huber (1991) viewed organizational learning from behavioral perspective. An entity learns if, through its cognitive operationing of information, the range of its potential behaviors is changed. (Huber, 1991) From this statement, an individuals effectiveness or potential does not perpetually improve by learning. In addition to that, learning does not need to lead to changes that can be seen in behavior. Knowledge acquisition, information distribution, information interpretation, and organizational memory is a four construct as integrally linked to organizational learning as has been considered by Huber. He explained that learning does not need to be conscious or intentional.Some other notable definitions of organizational learning from well-known theorist in the field areThe ability of an organization to gain insight and understanding from experience through experimentation, observation, analysis, and a willingness to image both successes and failures (McGill et al, 1992).in which you cannot not learn be defecate learning is so insinuated into the fabric of life. (Senge, 1990)a group of people continually enhancing their capacity to create what they want to create.(Senge, 1990)A Learning Company is an organisation that facilitates the learning of all its members and continuously transforms itself(Mike Pedlar, Tom Boydell, stool Burgoyne, 1988)The Learning Organisation can mean two things it can mean an organisation which learns and / or organisation which encourages learning in its people. It should mean both (Charles Handy, 1989)2.2.2 account of Organizational LearningAs has been mentioned before in chapter 1, organizational learning was first introduced by Cyert and March (1963). The concept of System Thinking was introduced in the 1950s. This concept implying that the organization needs to be aware about the organization as well as the individuals on the organization. Before this concept was introduced, most company only focus on the organization goals without considering the workers needs. This concept was never implemented in any organization at that time. Gould-Kreutzer Associates, Inc. defined System Thinking asA framework for seeing interrelationships rather than things to see the forest and the trees. (Gould-Kreutzer Associates, Inc)This statement clearly stated that system thinking is concept that not only focusing on business or an organizational goals but to focus individuals needs and goals. The forest here is a metaphor for organization and the trees is a metaphor for individuals or workers in the organization. This concept is onerous to change the managerial views at that time from being business goals-oriented to continuous improvement.From the concept of System Thinking, a new system emerged which was called decision Support System (DSS). This concept is changing the traditional way of decisions making. This new model help executive to make decisions for the company future. Incidentally, the model benefits management more rather than the systems operation. This is because the model more focuses on what the business really was and providing the alternatives for the future. One of DSS major contribution is that it made implicit knowledge explicit. This has caused the organization have more knowledge to explore and learn better than before since explicit knowledge spread much faster throughout the organization. Because of this, DSS can be seen as extra method of communication.The idea of this concept later was renamed into organizational learning in 1970s. Some have claimed that the term of Organizational Learning was introduced by Cyert and March (1963). One of the earliest theorists in organizational learning was and still is Chris Arygris. He published a book entitled Organizational Learning in 1978 and Organizational Learning II in 1996. At that time, Organizational Learning concept was still not taken seriously by any organizations.Not until Peter Senge published the book The Fifth Principles The Art and Practice of The Learning Or ganization in 1990 the organizational learning is taken importantly. This book influence many organizations to buy the farm winning Organizational learning into consideration. Since then, organizational learning has evolved until what of we known as today.2.3 The Fifth Discipline The Art and Practice of the Learning OrganizationIn 1990, Peter Senge, one of the theorist and gurus in Organizational Learning published a book that changed the managerial views. The book entitled The Fifth Principles The Art and Practice of The Learning Organization. In the book, Senge list out five discipline that is a must in a learning organizational. The five disciplines are Personal Mastery, System Thinking, Mental Models, Shared Vision and Team Learning.2.3.1 Personal MasteryOrganizations learn only through individuals who learn. Individual learning does not guarantee organizational learning. notwithstanding without it no organizational learning occurs (Senge, 1990, p.139)Personal mastery is the discipline of continually clarifying and deepening our own(prenominal) vision, of focusing our energies, of developing patience, and of seeing reality objectively (Senge, 1990, p. 7)It goes beyond competency and skills, although it involves them. It goes beyond spiritual opening, although it involves spiritual growth (Senge, 1990, p. 141)From these citations from Senge, we can conclude that an organization only learns when the individuals or the workers in the organizations start to learn. Personal mastery its a traits that every individuals should have. The higher level of personal mastery an individual has the stronger their will to continue learning and improve themselves.Peter Senge mentioned in his book Personal Mastery as People with a high level of personal mastery live in a continual learning mode. They never arrive. Sometimes, language, such as the term personal mastery creates a misleading sense of definiteness, of black and white. But personal mastery is not something yo u possess. It is a process. It is a lifelong discipline. People with a high level of personal mastery are acutely aware of their ignorance, their incompetence, their growth areas. And they are deeply self-confident. Paradoxical? Only for those who do not see the journey is the reward. (Senge, 1990, p.142)From what Senge has cited, we know that the goals are not the reward the journey toward the goals is the reward itself. The lifelong process of learning is what Personal Mastery is all about. The acknowledgement of not knowing and the desire to learn is what drives an individual to learn and to achieve Personal Mastery. In other words, without Personal Mastery disciplines in the individuals, the organizations might never start to learn.Those who have a high level of Personal Mastery might often find asking these kinds of questions to themselvesWhy do I have to learn this?Why is it important to learn?To summarize it, personal Mastery helps and guides an individual to realize what the y have and what they dont. It also makes an individual aware of their attitude and belief as well as be responsible to their action.2.3.2 System ThinkingIn his book, Peter Senge also includes a system theory among the five disciplines. Some have claimed that system thinking is the conceptual cornerstone of the Senges five discipline models. This mainly because of peter Senge said it himself It is the discipline that integrates the others, fusing them into a coherent body of theory and practice (Senge, 1990, p.12)Senge explained more on system thinking in his book. He mentioned system thinking is interconnected with other four disciplines. Systems thinking also needs the disciplines of building shared out vision, mental models, team learning, and personal mastery to realize its potential. Building shared vision fosters a commitment to the long term. Mental models focus on the openness needed to unearth shortcomings in our present ways of seeing the world. Team learning develops the skills of groups of people to look for the larger picture beyond individual perspectives. And personal mastery fosters the personal motivation to continually learn how our actions affect our world. (Senge, 1990, p.12)System thinking can be said as a system that should be use on overcoming problems as a whole, not only on that particular problem. Focusing only on specific part or problem may lead to unwanted or unin die harded consequences. Instead of focusing only on that specific parts or problems System Thinking take larger accounts and investigate the interactions of the parts or problems with every other parts of the system.This characteristic makes it an effective solving method especially when dealing with arduous types of problems. The problems that involving complex issues and needed to be seen by big picture, the problems that recurring or depending on the past, and the problems which the solution are not obvious are the ones that needed the application of System Thinking. As Peter Senge said in his book, We learn best from our experience, but we never directly experience the consequences of many of our most important decisions,(Senge, 1990, p.23) we tend to focus only on the solution that problems cause but only on the short-terms. System Thinking forces an organization not only focusing on the solution for improvement for a shot-term but at the long-term as well.Peter Senge also urged organizations to use System map. System map is a draw showing the important elements or parts in the organization and how they were connected to each other.Here is the example of System chromosome mapping.(Source www.cogneon.de)CUsersNAIM RAHIMDownloadslearning-organization.pngFigure 2.1 System Map Learning Organizations2.3.3 Mental ModelsPeter Senge defines Mental Models as deeply ingrained assumptions, generalizations, or even pictures and images that influence how we understand the world and how we take action (Senge, 1990, p.8)Mental models are the vision we have in our mind. How our mind process the things we see and what we expect to happen in the future. For example, when we see a bullet shot to a balloon, our mind would come out with what would happen to the balloon. Most of us would have the vision of the balloon explode. From this example, we can assume that our mind can share the same vision. Applying this to an organization, if the workers or individuals in the organization shared the same vision, they can changed their behavior and shape their strategies and internal ways of working.The discipline of mental models starts with turning the mirror secret learning to unearth our internal pictures of the world, to bring them to the surface and hold them rigorously to scrutiny. It also includes the ability to carry on learningful conversations that balance inquiry and advocacy, where people happen upon their own thinking effectively and make that thinking open to the influence of others. (Senge, 1990, p.9)From this citation, Peter Seng e said that every thought should be mentioned and exposed so everyone can learn and influence from ones thought. By doing this, an organization can start learning as everyone will start to learn new skills and develop new orientations tally to the organization goals. Senge also said that Mental Models is Moving the organization in the right direction entails working to transcend the sorts of internal politics and game playing that dominate traditional organizations. In other words it means fostering openness (Senge, 1990, p.273-286).Senge continued by saying It also involves seeking to distribute business responsibly far more widely while retaining coordination and go. Learning organizations are localized organizations (Senge, 1990, p.287-301)Models are not perfect but sometimes it can be useful. In this case, Mental Models are not an exceptional but if the organization using it in the right ways, there are so many things it can learn from it.2.3.4 Building Shared VisionShared vi sion refers to the ability for an organization to share or hold the same goals or future that they want to achieve. According to Senge, building a shared vision is the capacity to hold a share picture of the future we seek to create (Senge, 1990, p.9)Building a shared vision for an organization is very important. All individuals in the organization will work toward one goal, which will make the organization, become more effective. This also can foster a sense of the long term which is fundamentally one of the five disciplines core beliefs.When there is a genuine vision (as contradictory to the all-to-familiar vision statement), people excel and learn, not because they are told to, but because they want to. But many leaders have personal visions that never get translated into shared visions that galvanize an organization What has been lacking is a discipline for translating vision into shared vision not a cookbook but a set of principles and manoeuver practices.(Senge, 1990, p.9)T he practice of shared vision involves the skills of unearthing shared pictures of the future that foster genuine commitment and enrolment rather than compliance. In mastering this discipline, leaders learn the counter-productiveness of trying to dictate a vision, no matter how heartfelt. (Senge, 1990, p.9)It is very important for any organization leader to realize the importance of shared vision. The leader not only should be able to command the workers to do things but also to create a learning organization which the workers not only learn continuously because they have to, but because they want to. The individuals in the organization also play an important role in shared vision. They must clearly understand the shared vision of the organization and also know where they are at the present and they want to be in the future.2.3.5 Team LearningAccording to Senge, team learning is the process of aligning and developing the capacities of a team to create the results its members truly de sire(Senge, 1990, p.236)By having Personal Mastery and Shared Vision, an organization may have Team Learning. But most of the times it is not enough. An organization needs to get the workers to act together. By having the workers work together as a team, the shared vision and personal mastery become better and the organizational learning can be achieve.The discipline of team learning starts with dialogue, the capacity of members of a team to suspend assumptions and enter into a genuine thinking together. To the Greeks dia-logos meant a free-flowing if meaning through a group, quiting the group to discover insights not attainable individually. It also involves learning how to recognize the patterns of interaction in teams that undermine learning. (Senge, 1990, p.10)To start team learning, the individuals of the organization must start to speak their mind up. In my opinion, this is what Senge means by dialogue. When people start to speak up their mind, other people would give their o wn opinion and start a discussion or a genuine thinking together. It also helps the group to achieve an insight which might not be able to be achieved by thinking individually. By using team learning, the team may identify the kind of interaction that may stop the learning progress in the team.As people talk, the vision grows clearer. As it gets clearer, enthusiasm for its benefits grow (Senge, 1990, p.227)By ceaselessly sharing insightful information and knowledge, the visions become clearer and the enthusiasm will be spread among the individuals in the organization.2.4 Relationships between Senge Five Disciplines Model, Organizational Learning and Malaysian manufacturing companies.Manufacturing industry is probably one of the most competitive industries in Malaysia. Thats why it is very important for the manufacturing companies to keep learning. The companies that capable of learning will have a big advantage than those who didnt. In this research, the researcher will try to foun d out the evidence of Senge Five Disciplines model that forms a learning organization in Malaysian manufacturing companies. In recent years, Malaysian manufacturing companies begin to adapt to the learning organization theories but it was never been proved that Senge Five disciplines models were used in their effort on becoming a learning organization.2.5 SummaryFrom this chapter, we can conclude that there are the relationship exists between Senge Five Disciplines Model, Organizational Learning and Malaysian manufacturing companies. By understanding the relationship between these three, the question now arise as to which disciplines from the five disciplines are the dominant element in Malaysian manufacturing companies. The theoretical framework for this research as in Table 2.1Malaysian Manufacturing CompaniesLearning OrganizationTeam LearningShared VisionMental ModelsSystem ThinkingPersonal MasteryIndependent VariablesDependent VariablesTable 2.1 Theoretical FrameworkCHAPTER 3MET HODOLOGY3.1 IntroductionThis chapter outlines the research the research determination for this study and the manner in which the research was conducted. The research methodology used in this study is described. This chapter consists of research design, method research design, primary and secondary info sources, research strategy, and scientific canons. The instruments used to lay in entropy are also described.3.2 Research DesignResearch design can be divided into fixed and flexible research designs (Robson, 1993). As in this research, the denary approach was taken. As has been described by Burns and Grove (1993, p.777) decimal research is a formal, objective, systematic process to describe and test relationship and examine cause and effect interactions among variables. Research design is important because it gives the direction to the study and what to find that may be significant to the study.3.2.1 Exploratory studiesAn exploratory study is a type of studies or research condu cted when the problems are not clearly defined. Exploratory studies usually depends on secondary research such as reviewing past journals, literature and data, interviewing experts in the industry, conducting in-depth individual interview and sometimes conducting focus group interview.3.2.2 Descriptive studiesDescriptive studies sometimes can be referred as statistical research. The objective of descriptive studies is to gain an accurate profile of events, persons or situations (Saunders, 1997). Descriptive studies usually involved observing and describing the behavior of subject without influencing it in any way. Descriptive studies cannot describe what cause a situation although the data description is factual, accurate and systematic.3.2.3 Ex contriveatory studiesThe explanatory studies explained the way of certain event. The outcomes of event could be either positive or negative. So basically, the explanatory research is a research that conducted to find out and to explain any b ehavior or event.3.3 Research Design MethodThe research design for this study is the by using the quantitative method. appraises and questionnaire may be used for the descriptive, explanatory and exploratory research. The questionnaire in this research is a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire was made for data and information collection and it will be distributes personally by the researcher. This research design was chosen to accomplish the objectives of the study and the researcher believes that the quantitative method is the best way to meet those objectives.3.3.1 Quantitative MethodQuantitative research method is a non-numeric data such as words, images, video clips, and other similar material. The aim of quantitative research is to develop statistically reliable information from sample data that can be generalized to a larger population (Dutka, 1995). Quantitative research uses a relatively short structured questionnaire, while the survey sample should be large enough in order to provide a statistically reliable set of responses.The collected information is also analyzed using specific statistical techniques and quantitative tools. In the case of customer satisfaction measuring stick and developing new product, this type of research is focused on the quantification of satisfaction information. The most frequently used types of quantitative research are mail survey, personal interviews, and telephone surveys (Gerson, 1993).3.4 Primary and secondary data sourcesIn this research, the data and information collected from two main sources which are the primary resources and the secondary resources.3.4.1 Primary dataThe primary data for this research are the book from Peter Senge which was released in 1990, The Fifth Principles The Art and Practice of The Learning Organization. Another primary data for this research would be the questionnaire that will be distributed to three sectors of manufacturing in Malaysia automotive, electronics and ICT. From here, the researcher will gather the data in the three sectors managers or supervisors that involved in the surveys whether by face-to-face, emails, telephone calls or any other ways.3.4.2 Secondary dataThe secondary data in this study were collected before the researcher proceeds to collect the primary data in the three sectors of manufacturing industry in Malaysia automotive, electronics and ICT. A bunch of useful information was collected as it is already exist in the form of secondary data. The secondary data that was used in this study are journals, relevant internets site, magazines and articles.3.5 Location of ResearchThe lacation or this research would be focusing on Malaysian Manufacturing. The group focus would be3.6 Research StrategyResearch strategy can be defined as a plan for a researcher to achieve the objectives of the study as well as how the reascher going to answer the research questions. There are many strategies that can be used in research strategies such as Experimental, survey, archival research and case study.The researchers choose the survey strategy for this study. The reason survey method was chose is because they allow the collect quantitative data and can suggest possible reasons for particular relationship between independent variables and dependent variables. It also gives the researcher more control over the research process as well as lower in cost compared to other methods. The strategies for the survey method are as followsPreparing the SurveyAs has been mentioned before, the research will be using quantitative method where a set of survey is used to gather related data and information for this study. The questionnaire or the surveys were constructed based on the research question and research objectives. The respondent for the questionnaire would be the employees from Malaysian manufacturing industries.Survey research designThe survey design divided to several ways. There are structured way (the formal list of question s use and all the respondents have to answer the same question) an

Culture in North East India

Culture in North eastside IndiaHistorians maintain that the boundaries of ancient India roughly coincide with those of the present day conspiracy Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). There be some who believe that except for the period under the British rule, India has never been a nation state. an opposite(prenominal) historians disagree and maintain that India has always been a cultural and economic entity and the North East has always been an integral part of India. There is also a school day of thought which maintains that the comm building blocky of North Eastern India has greater affinity with the volume of South East Asia than with those from the rest of India. The political and cultural closing off of the Seven Sisters has spawned these observations. Perhaps, it is because of such(prenominal) divergent views and the prevailing situation that it is not very un usual to hear the Indian leaders emphasising the importance of early integration of the batch of the North East into the national mainstream.The North East is a magnificent tragic tapestry of people, events nature. You can be touched by its rivers, rain mist, overwhelmed by the seeming for assumptioness of its people stirred by its powerful evocative history. There be not less than 220 ethnic folkss in the eight states comprising the region with a population of about forty million people. There are commwholeies with kin in the neighbouring countries.There are sensitive and complex problems that set about defied solution for as big as independent India has existed. The population is about three percent of the national figure. Its people are an anthropologists delight an administrators nightmare. A settlement in a soil that satisfies one group will alienate a handful of communities in another part of the same district, not to speak of the state. There are superfluous laws, constitutional provisions such as the Sixth Schedule Article 371A which seek to protect the traditions, land rights of various hill communities.North Eastern India has been confront increasing challenges as it copes with pressures emanating from its ethnic diversity. The rising challenges of ethno-nationalism and corroding of the state authority pose an increasing threat to the national security. The present socio political scene in the North East thus underlines disturbing trends. According to an estimate, there are more than 40 insurgent groups operating in the region. Absence of credible deviation management mechanisms is evident from the situation which is deteriorating by the day. Widespread poverty and unemployment, increasing economic disparities as compared with the rest of the country and those within the region and growing putrescence in public life are further adding fuel to the fire. Increasing mobilisation for economic and political space by more and more socio-economic groups is causation turbulence in an environment of limited resources and constraine d capabilities of redistribution of wealth. Thus, the fear of identity is further compounded by a complaisant security factor, which essentially boils raze to protecting the land from outsiders and in some cases within the region from other ethnic groups.Social, Cultural bringing upal Background Of People Of The North Eastern StatesAssamThe people of Assam inhabit a multi-ethnic, multi-linguistic and multi-religious society. They speak linguistic butt ons that belong to three main language groups Indo-Aryan, Austro-Asiatic, and Tibeto-Burman. The large number of ethnic and linguistic groups, the population composition and the peopling process in the state has led to it being called an India in miniature.Ethnic Groups. Tai-Ahoms were historically the dominant group of Assam and were the ethnic group associated with the term Assamese. More lately, the Assamese language talk ethnic group has been associated with the term Assamese. Bengalis are another major(ip) group of Assam an d are a majority in the Barak Valley. Bengalis are often stereotyped by many ethnic Assamese as Bangladeshi illegal immigrants, especially if they are Muslim. Bodos are the dominant group in Bodoland. They mostly speak the Tibeto-Burman Bodo language and travel in Bodoland.Culture Of Assam. The tillage of Assam is traditionally a hybrid one, developed due to cultural assimilation of different ethno-cultural groups under various politico-economic systems in different periods of pre-history and history. With a strong base of tradition and history, the ultramodern Assamese culture is greatly influenced by various events those took place in the British Assam and in the Post-British Era. The language was standardised by the American Missionaries with the form available in the Sibsagar District (the nerve centre of the Ahom politico-economic system). A renewed Sanskritisation was increasingly adopted for growing Assamese language and grammar. A new wave of Western and northern Indian influence was apparent in the performing arts and literature. Assamese culture in its true sense today is a cultural system composed of different sub-systems. It is more interesting to note that even many of the source-cultures of Assamese culture are still surviving either as sub-systems or as sister entities. In broader sense, therefore, the Assamese cultural system incorpo arranges its source-cultures such as Bodo (Boro) or Khasi or Mishing (Micing) but individual development of these sub-systems are today becoming measurable. However, it is also important to keep the broader system closer to its roots. Some of the familiar cultural traits available across these systems are-(a) Respect towards areca-nut and betel leaves.(b) Respect towards particular symbolic cloth types such as Gamosa, Arnai.(c) Respect towards traditional silk and cotton garments.(d) Respect towards forefathers and elderly.(e) Great hospitality.(f) Bamboo culture.Status of Women in Assam.(a) In Assam, the p ost of women is high in comparison to the women of some other States of India.(b) There is greater gender equation in Assam. The society doesnt suffer from practices like dowry, child-marriage and bride-burning. This could be due to the fact that the Assamese society evolved partially from a tribal background and has thus retain some of the original value system of equity.(c) In the field of education, women in Assam are in a better position than the all-India average. As per 2001 census the literacy rate for Assam is 64.28 per cent as against 65.38 per cent for India. While male literacy is 71.93 per cent (India-75.85 per cent), female literacy stands at 56.03 per cent (India-54.60 per cent).(d) Female work participation is another indicator of womens status in the society. Assam has a largely rural rural economy, which is purposeized by high rate of work participation of women. Though Female Work Participation rank (FWPR) are high, as it is subsistence farming, women do not be nefit economically, though they share a disproportionate share of the work burden.NagalandNagaland is almost entirely inhabited by the Naga tribes except some Kukis, Kacharis, Garos, Mikris, Benglas, and Assamese and so on in the plains sector. Originally, the Nagas were not know by the get winds of the tribes as they are known now, but by the name of a group of villages. Gradually they fall in settled down to the tribe names as are found now, but still then the process of amalgamation or separation is still going on. According to the census report, there are 16 Naga tribes and four non-Naga tribes inhabiting Nagaland.Society. The people are simple, straight-forward, hard-working and honest people with a high standard of integrity. They possess a strong sense of self respect and rarely submitted to anyone who roughshod over them. A hallmark of their character was their hospitality and cheerfulness. The Naga tribals sport an egalitarian society, and the village is a closely knit unit consisting of households of different clans.The Village. They traditionally live in villages. The village is a vindicated entity with distinct land demarcation from neighboring villages. Each has a dialect of its own and as such there is a strong sense of favorable solidarity within it. The people in it are held together by fond, economic, political and ritual ties. The villages have their own identity but not in isolation as there are interdependent relationships with neighboring villages. The impact of modernization is slowly but steadily eroding the centrality of villages as a social unit as large commercial towns are rapidly coming up in every region of the Naga hills. This is bringing about drastic changes in the values, lifestyles and social setup of the people.The Family. The family was the basic unit of the Naga society. Marriages were commonly monogamous and fidelity to the spouse was considered a high virtue. Marriage within the same clan is not permitted and it a mounts to incest. incestuous couples used to be ostracized from the villages. The family was the most important institution of social education and social control. There used to be a deep respect for parents and elders. real inheritance, such as land and cattle, is passed on to the male offspring with the eldest son receiving the largest share.Status Of Women. In the severaliseless, caste-less Naga society, women have traditionally enjoyed a high social position, with a pivotal role in both family and community affairs. However, being a patriarchal society with strong warrior tradition, it is considered an honor to be born as a man. The traditional culture and customs expect a Naga woman to be obedient and humble also expect her to perform the roles of wife, mother, child bearer, forage producer and household manager. She also supplements the household income by weaving colorful shawls, an activity which is done exclusively by women. Women are highly respected and given a great d eal of freedom, however, they are traditionally not allow ind in the decision-making process of the clan or the village.Social and Cultural Heritage. The cultural traditions of the Nagas include features which are common to all the tribes like head hunting, common sleeping house for unwed men which are taboo to women, a sort of struggle marriage, or great freedom of intercourse between the sexes before marriage, disposal of dead on raised platforms, the simple loom for weaving cloth etc. Life in Nagaland is replete with festivals throughout the year as all the tribes have their own festivals, which they greatly cherish. They regard their festivals sacrosanct and participation in them is compulsory. intimately of these festivals revolve round agriculture, which is still the mainstay of the Naga society. Over 85% population of Nagaland is directly dependent on agriculture.Transformation And Challenges.The Naga society is undergoing tremendous transformation. The spread of Christia nity, the growing of education and developmental programs undertaken by the government have all unleashed forces which are churning up the tribal society and rapidly changing its complexion and character. The modern set up of detached nuclear families is fast catching up with the people as they have greater intercourse with the modern world. This is leading to the erosion of the role of the clan and the village as agents of social control.ManipurManipur is a place where different waves of races and culture met through the ages, which ultimately mingled together. The main population of the people is of Manipuries known as Meities. The Meitei speak Manipuri language, which is in Kuki chin group. They are divided into seven endogamous groups locally known as Salai. The general characteristics of the Meiteis are of mongoloid type small eyes, fair complexion, rudimentary beards etc. generally they are thin built with well-developed limbs. The men among them do not exceed 57 in height an d women on an average about 4 shorter than their counterparts.Society. The society is patrilineal though the women bear the major yoke of labour. Women share the responsibilities of earning and are not hold in only to household duties. The household is a true social unit ant the head of the family has to perform certain religious duties. Their families consist of man, his wife and unmarried children. They practice both types of marriage by engagement and elopement. Though monogamy is the usual rule, there being more women than men, the practice of polygamy is also not uncommon. Meitei women have always enjoyed high economic and social status in Manipur, and today they work in nearly every social and economic sphere of society. In particular, they control traditional retail, including the Meitei markets and the trade in vegetables and traditional clothing. The Meitei people are well-known for their sporting prowess, hockey and polo are traditional and the Meitei form of martial art, thang ta, has recently been recognised as one of the official forms of international martial arts.Culture. Agriculture is the main stay of the people. About 88% of the total working population in the hills and about 60% of the working population in the valley depend entirely on the agriculture and allied pursuits like animal husbandry, fisheries and forestry. The people of Manipur have inherent spang of performing art with lyrical beauty and rhythm. Their rich culture and tradition are also reflected in their handloom, tasteful clothes and in finer workmanship of handicrafts. Weaving among them is a traditional art of women and finds an easy market. They are deeply sensitive and their unique pattern of life with inherent love of arts is reflected in their dance and music. Their dances, whether folk or classical or modern, are devotional in nature.TripuraThe Tripuri people are the original inhabitants of the Kingdom of Tripura in North-East India and Bangladesh. The Tripuri people through the Royal family of the Debbarmas ruled the Kingdom of Tripura for more than 2000 years till the kingdom joined the Indian Union in 1949. The Tripuris live on the slopes of hills in a group of five to fifty families.Society Culture. The indigenous Tripuri people comprise various hill tribal communities who migrated to this land in successive waves in the ancient past. Each community had its own elementary social and administrative organization starting from the village level and up to the chieftaincy of the whole tribe. The tribes enjoy their traditional freedom based on the concept of self-determination. The Tripuri people have a rich historical, social and cultural heritage which is entirely distinct from that of the mainland Indians, their distinctive culture as reflected in their dance, music, festivals, management of community affairs, dress and food habit has a strong base.MizoramHistorians believe that the Mizos are a part of the great wave of the Mongolian race spi lling over the eastern and southern India centuries ago. Mizo comprises of 5 major tribes and 11 minor tribes known under the common name Awzia. Mizos are of Mongoloid origin, speaking a dialect of Tibeto- Burman origin. The Mizos came under the influence of the British missionaries in the 19th century and today the majority of the Mizos are Christians by faith. The literacy rate is the second highest in the country. The people are mostly non- vegetarian and their staple food is rice. The Mizos are a close- knit society with no class distinction and discrimination on grounds of sex, status or religion. They are hospitable, sociable and love music, singing and dancing. Mizos are agriculturists all their activities revolve around this horticulture and their festivals are connected with such agricultural operations.Society And Cultural. A gregarious and close- knit society, they evolved some principles of self-help and co- operation to meet social obligations and responsibilities. Co nstructive social plant life were executed through voluntary community works. Every family was expected to contribute labour for the welfare of the community. The Mizos are a distinct community and the social unit was the village. Around it revolved the life of the Mizo. The Mizos have been enchanted to their new- found faith of Christianity with so much dedication and submission that their social life and thought- process have been altogether transformed and guided by the Christian church organisations directly or in directly and their sense of values has also undergone drastic change. No class distinction and no discrimination on grounds of sex are not seen in Mizo society. 90% of them are cultivators and the village exists like a big family. Birth of a child, marriage in the village and death of a person in the village or a community spread head arranged by a member of the village are important occasions in which the whole village is involved.Arunachal PradeshThere are 26 major tribes and a number of sub tribes living in the state. Most of these communities are ethically similar having derived from an original common stock but their geographical isolation from each other has brought amongst them certain distinctive characteristics in language, dress and customs.Society and Culture. The whole population of Arunachal can be divided into three cultural groups on the basis of their socio- politico religious affinities.For about 35% of the population of Arunachal Pradesh, agriculture is the main occupation. Festivals are an essential part of the socio- cultural life of the people. The festivals are usually connected with agriculture and are associated with ritualistic gaiety either to thank God or to pray for bumper harvest.Summary Of Characteristics Of People Of The NE StatesHaving seen the characteristics of the social, cultural other factors pertaining to the people of insurgency effected North Eastern states, it is imperative that the peculiarities be sum marized. It is difficult to profile such a vast diverse anthropology, however for the chasteness of the study, certain basic similarities could be clubbed together a basic framework of behavioural attitudinal pattern could be listed as under -(a) People have a strong affinity to their race, ethnicity have strong inclination for preservation of the same.(b) In the rural areas, where people reside in their particular ethnic group, there are stringent rules, customs traditions to be followed flouting them is taken very seriously.(c) As the people belong to the lesser developed part of the country, their basic culture beliefs are inbuilt there is less proliferation of modernity in their values.(d) They have strong values regarding respect to the elders, women and could go to great extent to preserve their honour.(e) They are basically agrarian community, hardworking, innocent socially active within their own community.(f) They have rich cultural heritage bonds which gives them a sense of exclusivity belongingness.(g) The various societies are religious and secular.(h) The department of societies is not based on caste system. It is based on ethnicity, in a particular tribe, everybody is treated as equal.(j) Women have a pivotal important role to play in their communities. Few of the societies are male dominated but most of them have equal status for women in the respective society.(k) Education awareness is on an increase over a period of times have reached even the remote areas.(l) The languages / dialects spoken are specific to a tribe it does not have any semblance with most of the languages of rest of the country.

The Peace of Westphalia, 1648

The quiet of Westphalia, 1648In 1648, the love-in-idleness of Westphalia signalled the end of a decades old europiuman conflict. It is difficult to delineate the true meaning of the public security of Westphalia because it represented the end of a contend which ended in a way which was different from where it began. Religious confrontation morphed into a struggle and opportunity to advance state strategic interests. However, king of beasts egregious, Andreas Osiander, and Derek Croxton each make varying arguments on the effects of the Peace of Westphalia.In The Peace of Westphalia, 1648-1948, Leo Gross contends that the Peace of Westphalia is significant because it consecrated the principle of toleration by establishing the friction matchity between Protestant and Catholic states and by providing some safeguards for religious minorities.1Thus, he states the Peace of Westphalia was the starting point for the development of modern international law.2Essenti helper, no one count ry would have a honorable (divine or other) to have index finger over another, as each states was ac companionshipd as sovereign. However, although this would be nice in theory, history has shown that Europe bled itself dry because of conflicts in the centuries following the Peace of Westphalia. Gross states that the Peace of Westphalia marked mans abandonment of the idea of hierarchical structure of society and his opinion for a new system characterized by the coexistence of a multiplicity of states, each sovereign within its territory, equal to one another, and free from any external earthly authority.3This statement is fundamentally flawed, although perhaps in theory, each state was equal they were absolutely not equal. It would be foolish to treat all states following the Peace of Westphalia as equally sovereign. For example he German states gained the right to ally themselves with states outside of the Holy Roman Empire, but the Swiss and the Dutch gained de facto sovereignt y. Gross strengthens his argument when he acknowledges precedents set by previous treaties however his constant sen epochntalisation of the Peace of Westphalia harms his argument, as it seems he focuses on his nostalgic masspoint of the Peace of Westphalia.4Because no formal declaration of sovereignty existed at the time of the Peace of Westphalia, the parties twisty found it individually beneficial to advance their national strategic interests, by enhancing state power. For example, Frances cardinal Richelieu was a brilliant realist strategist. Even though the Austria and Spain were Catholic powers, he believed that Frances national interest could be advanced by opposing these two powers. France even continued to fight Spain while seeking a separate calmness with Austria. Moreover, Grosss argument contains a glaring post hoc ergo. Gross states that we should search not so much in the text of the treaties themselves as in their implications, in the ample foundings on which the y rest and the developments to which they provided impetus.5The fallacy is that Gross claims that because the Peace of Westphalia was before our modern conception of sovereignty, it does not necessarily follow that the Peace of Westphalia alone created our modern conception of sovereignty. There were more more factors at play. Grosss argument is too straightfor hold as it assumes that all actors following the war were fundamentally equal.In Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Westphalian Myth, Andreas Osiander contends that The Peace of Westphalia is a product of nineteenth and twentieth century fixation on the concept of sovereignty. I conclude by discussing how what I call the ideology of sovereignty has hampered the development of IR theory6According to Osiander the (Thirty Years) war continued because the Swedish and French crowns wanted to enhance their positions in Europe.7He comes to a conclusion that if the war war not fought to ward off a threat to the independen ce of other European actors posed by the Hasburg dynasty, then the tradition of the 1648 peace cannot be right either8Nineteenth and twentieth century historians readily espoused the view somehow that the Danes, Dutch, French, and Swedes were really defending themselves while also selflessly helping others to ward off oppression9He claims this is why the Peace of Westphalia is often seen as an anti-hegemonial order.10He directly accuses Leo Gross as spreading this false view. Osiander claims that many subsequent literature on this view, assume Grosss views to be self evident and implied in the treaty. Osiner strengthens his argument when he quotes another scholar who agree with him, Stephen Krassner. Osiander claims that history has viewed the Hasburgs as the villains of the Thirty Years War, and that the original crisis did not break out because the Hasburgs were powerful, but because they were weak.11Andreas Osiander views the Peace of Westphalia through the viewpoint of a postmod ernist. He is challenging our previous knowledge of the Peace of Westphalia, and underlying assumptions held by previous scholars. He is purposely reversing traditional notions of historical interpretations such as the belief of the Hasburg dynasty as the villains of the Thirty Years War. Osiander is reform to warn there may be a harm of placing our values, our beliefs, onto historical events. Osianders argument is important as it forces us to re-examine commonly held beliefs about the Peace of Westphalia and its significance. Moreover he claims that Sovereignty as currently understood does not go back to the seventeenth century that even then and nevertheless, relations among self-reliant actors were perfectly possible without waiting for the concept to be invented that the degree of autonomy of the actors might very.12He strengthens his argument when he acknowledges that the relationships between the actors involved in the Peace of Westphalia were very complex.In The Peace of We stphalia of 1648 and the Origins of Sovereignty, Derek Croxton doubts as whole, that sovereignty was a main principle of the Peace of Westphalia. Croxtons main argument is that de facto sovereign states existed at a time when few statesmen had anything like the modern conception of sovereign equality as the founding notion of the international system.13Croxton acknowledges that the main difficulty of the origins of sovereignty lies not in rulers which claims themselves to be sovereign but other leaders who acknowledge that sovereignty.14He accurately points out that papal authority was already in decline, the Peace of Westphalia beneficial quickened the pace of the decline.15Croxton states that many scholars claim that sovereignty was dispersed to kings and princes in the Holy Roman Empire following its defeat in the Thirty Years war. However, he bluntly and correctly notes that the Holy Roman Empire lasted for another 158 years16and that although the estates were given new rights, including the right to make alliances with outside powers and a territorial right of dominions, the rights demonstrate the limits to their sovereignty rather than its triumph superiority within their own.17Moreover, Croxton claims that The idea of sovereignty was not new in the 1640s the question was whether sovereignty should be multipolar.18This view correctly challenges the assumption that the Peace of Westphalia was a groundbreaking event, even though it did make changes to the international system of politics.Throughout the readings, it is apparent that the relationship between the European states was very complicated, intricate, and included interrelationships based upon numerous factors. These factors could include a balance of religious, imperial, interstate and intrastate relationships. The Peace of Westphalia promoted the division of power, but ironically it also created a new balance of power among the European states. The The Peace of Westphalia promoted more moderation on behalf of all states, as whenever a power tried to dominate Europe (i.e. Napoleonic France or Hitlers Germany), there emerged a coalition of opposing forces to restore the balance of power. The balance of power did not avoid crisis, but it did create an vestibular sense in which no one state had the ability to completely dominate the others.

St. Thomas Aquinas Third Way Modalized :: Aquinas Third Day Philosophy Papers

Aquinas ternary trend ModalizedABSTRACT The Third Way is the roughly interesting and insightful of Aquinas five arguments for the existence of God, even though it is invalid and has some false premises. With the help of a somewhat weak normal logic, however, the Third Way can be transformed into a argument which is certainly valid and plausibly sound. Much of what Aquinas asserted in the Third Way is possibly true even if it is not actu everyy true. Instead of assuming, for example, that things which are contingent fail to exist at some epoch, we need only develop that contingent things possibly fail to exist at some time. Likewise, we can replace the assumption that if all things fail to exist at some time so there is a time when nothing exists, with the corresponding assumption that if all things possibly fail to exist at some time then possibly there is a time when nothing exists. These and other similar replacements suffice to produce a cogent cosmological argument. Aquina s Third Way is a cosmological argument for the existence of God which is taken from possibility and necessity. It is surprising therefore that philosophers of religion have not shown much interest in applying modal auxiliary verb logic to its analysis. (1) There are a couple of reasons. First, Aquinas does not always use the words possibility and necessity in the same way that they are use in modal logic. Second, cosmological arguments generally purport to word form a bridge between some property of this world and a supreme being, making it unnecessary, it might be thought, to appeal to modalized features of other possible worlds.Modal logic has of course been applied extensively to the analysis of ontological arguments. Ontological arguments purport to build a logical bridge between thought and a supreme being. Most ontological arguments proceed from the assumption that it is possible for God to exist. They then tie beam this assumption with some rather strong and controversial p rinciples of modal logic in order to prove that God must exist in all possible worlds, from which it follows that God exists in the real world. (2) It might be possible, however, to prove the existence of God with the use of a weak and noncontroversial system of modal logic if we root the proof with some plausible possibilistic principles about what might be true of the cosmos. The Third Way is not sound per se.

Myasthenia Gravis :: essays research papers

     In 1890, German medical professor Wilhelm Erb and other physicians had been observe several cases of a neuromuscular sickness that they believed was affecting how nerve impulses were transmitted to tendon at the neuromuscular junction. The patients experienced a " cancel muscular weakness" and Wilhelm named it myasthenia gravis. Through further research, the physicians discovered whether it affected the eye muscles first, or created difficulty in talking, chewing and swallowing, or in development the arms and legs it was neither hereditary nor contagious. Their discoveries lead to more detailed research.     In the early 1970s when Muscular Dystrophy Association, using snake venom, observed that patients with the disease had decreased numbers of acetylcholine sensory receptors. Thus, discovering that the disease affected acetylcholine receptors of the skeletal muscles. The Muscular Dystrophy Association also found that, in ra bbits, an immune attack against the acetylcholine receptors resulted in muscle membrane damage that is similar to that seen in human myasthenia gravis. This rabbit experiment was responsible for a large portion of what scientists now know almost myasthenia gravis.Myasthenia gravis causes a progressive and abnormally rapid fatigue of the voluntary muscles. It is known as an autoimmune disease, in which the body generates an immune dodge attack against its own skeletal muscles. This arises when lymphocytes in the blood produce antibodies that destroy muscle-cell receptors for acetylcholine molecules, preventing muscle contractions. The antibodies have been shown to decrease the usefulness of acetylcholine receptors through accelerated endocytosis and blockade of the receptor. Endocytosis is when extracellular substances are being incorporated into the cell by vesicles forming inward through budding of the plasma membrane. Researchers have been able to demonstrate the effect of antib odies on acetylcholine receptor by using radioactively labeled alpha bungaroo toxin, a snake poison, to follow the rate of humiliation. Antibodies from patients with myasthenia gravis cause an increase in the rate of degradation of acetylcholine receptors. Blockade of acetylcholine receptors is another form of autoimmune attack from myasthenia gravis. Antibodies from these patients have been shown to block the acetylcholine binding sites preventing acetylcholine from binding to its receptor and opening the ion channel. The antibodies may bind closelipped the acetylcholine binding site rather than directly on it, because the acetylcholine binding site is so small. In this case, the antibodies would prevent acetylcholine from binding at the receptor by interfering with the acetylcholine molecule as it moves towards its receptor.     Symptoms for some one with myasthenia gravis include a flattened smile and droopy eyes, with slow pupillary light responses.